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Tobacco and other drugs
An association between tobacco and other drug use has been well established. The nature of this association remains unclear. The two main theories are the phenotypic causation (gateway) model and the correlated liabilities model. The causation model argues that smoking is a primary influence on future drug use, while the correlated liabilities model argues that smoking and other drug use are predicated on genetic or environmental factors.
== Causation model ==
A 1994 report from the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, found a correlation between the use of cigarettes and alcohol and the subsequent use of cannabis. The report asserted a link between alcohol and cannabis use and the subsequent use of illicit drugs like cocaine.〔(Cigarettes, Alcohol, Marijuana: Gateways to Illicit Drug Use ), Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, October 1994, retrieved 17 July 2007〕 It found that when younger children used, the more often they use them, the more likely they were to use cocaine, heroin, hallucinogens and other illicit drugs. The report concludes that the data is already robust enough to make a strong case to step up efforts to prevent childhood use of cigarettes and to take firm steps to reduce children’s access to these "gateway drugs".〔(Betty Ford Center ) - Dr. James West Public Q&A Page. URL Accessed October, 2006〕
National Institute on Drug Abuse researchers have found that craving for nicotine also increases craving for illicit drugs among drug abusers who smoke tobacco, and this suggests that smokers in drug rehabilitation programs may be less successful than nonsmokers in staying off drugs.〔(The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) ), part of the NIH, a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. - Nicotine Craving and Heavy Smoking May Contribute to Increased Use of Cocaine and Heroin - Patrick Zickler, NIDA NOTES Staff Writer. URL Accessed October, 2006〕 Many drug policy organizations, such as the (RAND Drug Policy Research Center ) have released information, on studies performed, in contrast to the claims made by NIDA.〔(RAND | News Release | RAND Study Casts Doubt on Claims That Marijuana Acts as "Gateway" to the Use of Cocaine and Heroin )〕 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://raeuchermischungen-original.hotel-amlal.com )〕
In 2002, the RAND Drug Policy Research Center released a paper on one of their studies stating that it "casts doubt on claims that marijuana acts as a "gateway" to the use of cocaine and heroin, challenging an assumption that has guided U.S. drug policies since the 1950s."〔(RAND | News Release | RAND Study Casts Doubt on Claims That Marijuana Acts as "Gateway" to the Use of Cocaine and Heroin )〕 These findings of the RAND Drug Policy Research Center's study are in contradiction to the claims made by NIDA.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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